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Germany : Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress

Germany : Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress

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A Country Study: Germany Library of Congress Call Number DD17 .G475 1996 Germany Foreword Acknowledgments Preface Table A. English Equivalents of Selected German Place-Names Table B. Selected Abbreviations Country Profile - Visit updated Profile (PDF) Country Geography Society Economy Transportation and Telecommunications Government and Politics National Security Introduction Chapter 1 - Historical Setting: Early History to 1945 (Eric Solsten) Early History Medieval Germany The Merovingian Dynasty, ca. 500-751 The Carolingian Dynasty, 752-911 The Saxon Dynasty, 919-1024 The Salian Dynasty, 1024-1125 The Hohenstaufen Dynasty, 1138-1254 The Empire under the Early Habsburgs The Protestant Reformation Martin Luther Resistance to Lutheranism The Peace of Augsburg The Thirty Years' War, 1618-48 The Counter-Reformation and Religious Tensions Military Campaigns The Peace of Westphalia The Age of Enlightened Absolutism, 1648-1789 Austria and Prussia The Smaller States The French Revolution and Germany The German Confederation, 1815-66 Economic and Political Trends Toward Unification The Revolutions of 1848 The Restoration Bismarck and Unification Imperial Germany Political Parties The Economy and Population Growth The Tariff Agreement of 1879 and Its Social Consequences Bismarck's Foreign Policy Foreign Policy in the Wilhelmine Era World War I The Weimar Republic, 1918-33 The Weimar Constitution Problems of Parliamentary Politics The Stresemann Era Hitler and the Rise of National Socialism The Third Reich, 1933-45 The Consolidation of Power Foreign Policy The Outbreak of World War II Total Mobilization, Resistance, and the Holocaust Defeat Chapter 2 - Historical Setting: 1945 to 1990 (Bruno F. Steinbruckner) Postwar Occupation and Division The Establishment of Occupation Zones The Nuremberg Trials and Denazification Political Parties and Democratization The Creation of the Bizone The Birth of the Federal Republic of Germany The Birth of the German Democratic Republic West Germany and the Community of Nations Rearmament and the European Defense Community Social Market Economy Ludwig Erhard and the Grand Coalition The Ulbricht Era, 1949-71 Consolidation of the New State Planned Economy The Warsaw Pact and the National People's Army The Berlin Wall The "Socialist State of the German Nation" The Social Democratic-Free Democratic Coalition, 1969-82 Willy Brandt Ostpolitik Helmut Schmidt The Student Movement and Terrorism The Greens The Christian Democratic/Christian Socialist-Free Democratic Coalition, 1983- The Honecker Era, 1971-89 The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe The New East German Constitution and the Question of Identity Relations Between the Two Germanys The Peace Movement and Internal Resistance The Last Days of East Germany Opening of the Berlin Wall and Unification Chapter 3. The Society and Its Environment (David E. McClave) Physical Setting Topography North German Lowland Central German Uplands Southern Germany Alpine Foreland and the Alps Drainage Climate The Environment Population Historical Background Fertility Age-Gender Distribution Mortality Population Distribution and Urbanization Immigration Foreign Residents Ethnic Germans Asylum-Seekers Ethnic Minorities Women in Society Marriage and Family Housing Religion Postwar Christianity Roman Catholicism Protestantism Free Churches Orthodox Churches Judaism Islam Social Structure and Social Mobility Social Structure The Elite The Self-Employed Salaried Employees Civil Servants Workers The Poor Social Mobility The Search for a New National Identity Chapter 4 - Social Welfare, Health Care, and Education (Christa Altenstetter) Social Insurance and Welfare Programs Historical Development Provisions of the Social Welfare System Social Insurance Unemployment Insurance Accident Insurance Social Assistance Other Social Benefits Current Social Welfare Issues and Outlook for the Future National Health Insurance and Medical Care Development of the Health Care System Health Insurance Health Care Providers Remuneration of Health Care Providers Current Health Care Issues and Outlook for the Future Education Historical Background Educational Policy Making and Administration Educational Finances The Education System Elementary and Primary Education Junior Secondary Education Senior Secondary Education Vocational Education and Training Tertiary or Higher Education Education in the New Länder Current Education Issues and Outlook for the Future Chapter 5 - The Domestic Economy (W.R. Smyser) Patterns of Development History The Social Market Economy The Economic Miracle and Beyond Unification and Its Aftermath Structural and Technological Questions The Role of Government and Other Institutions The Federal Government Role The Chancellor The Minister of Finance and the Minister for Economy The Bundeskartellamt Land and Local Governments Government Subsidies Government Expenditures and the National Debt The Associations The Culture of German Management Labor and Codetermination Labor Codetermination Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Agriculture Forestry Fishing Industry Manufacturing Energy and Natural Resources The Financial System The Bundesbank Banking and Its Role in the Economy Nonbank Financing Other Services Transportation Telecommunications Tourism Chapter 6 - International Economic Relations (W.R. Smyser) Germany in the World Economy Germany in World Finance and in the Group of Seven The Deutsche Mark as an International Currency Germany in the European Economy Germany in the European Community The European Single Market Germany and the European Union Germany in the European Monetary System Germany and the European Monetary Union Foreign Trade and Investment Trade Philosophy and the Trade Balance International Investment in and by Germany Foreign Aid Chapter 7 - Government and Politics (Karen E. Donfried) Constitutional Framework The Constitution Federalism Government Institutions The President The Chancellor and the Cabinet The Legislature Bundestag Bundesrat The Judiciary The Civil Service Land and Local Government The Electoral System Political Parties Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union Social Democratic Party of Germany Free Democratic Party The Greens The Republikaner and the German People's Union Party of Democratic Socialism Extraparty Political Forces Business and Industry Labor Unions The Churches Agriculture Citizens' Initiative Associations The Mass Media Newspapers Radio and Television Political Developments since Unification Chapter 8 - Foreign Relations (Jeffrey Gedmin) Major Foreign Policy Goals and Strategies Early Developments Postwar Developments Unification Foreign Reaction to Unification Postunification Developments Foreign Policy Formulation Institutional Framework Domestic Influences on Foreign Policy Foreign Policy Positions of the Political Parties Public Opinion The Out-of-Area Debate International Cooperation North Atlantic Treaty Organization Western European Union Eurocorps European Union Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe United Nations Chapter 9 - National Security (Jean R. Tartte) Military Tradition Early History Prussia's Emergence as a Military Power The German Military in Two World Wars Creation of the Bundeswehr Strategic Concerns and Military Missions The Armed Forces Command and Control Army Equipment Franco-German Brigade and Eurocorps Navy Air Force Training Reserves Morale Integration of East German Armed Forces Defense Budget Military Justice Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia Citizens in Uniform Personnel Policies Service Obligations Benefits Defense Production and Export Foreign Military Relations International Military Missions Internal Security Federal Police Agencies Land Police Agencies Criminal Justice Incidence of Crime and Incarceration Dissidence and Terrorist Activity Appendix. Tables Bibliography Glossary Search by Continent Search Database Choose a Country Study Search Germany Include word variants . Use only words as entered.

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